“Licking a newborn baby has practical applications among mammals, even aside from the obvious cleaning function, so why don’t human women feel the need? BSIP/Getty Images
Cats do it. Dogs do it. Giraffes and lions and lemurs do it, too. Some humans have even been observed licking their newborn babies clean. But for the most part, human mothers don’t respond in this way after giving birth. Ever wondered why?
Among mammals, the instinct to lick the newborn clean exists for very practical reasons.
For one, licking removes the amniotic fluid from the new baby, according to veterinary professors Donald M. Broom and Andrew F. Fraser in their book Domestic Animal Behavior and Welfare. This keeps the infant warmer because thick amniotic fluid conducts heat away from the body. But licking also stimulates the newborn and draws the baby’s attention toward the mother, they said.
But if you were to ask the baby-licking mammals themselves, they might have a variety of other reasons right at the ends of their nonexistent fingertips — perhaps safety, cleanliness and nourishment.
It’s possible that the licking cleans up smells that signal "a newborn was here," protecting the infant from predators, and that eating the placenta and amniotic fluid provides nourishment and replenishes energy lost in labor.
In fact, licking occurs "for a combination of reasons," says Lee Dugatkin, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Louisville and co-author with Lyudmila Trut of the book, "How to Tame a Fox and Build a Dog," published in 2017.
"One would be health-related — removing any nasty creatures on the surface of the skin, such as bacteria, viruses, that sort of thing," Dugatkin says. Another reason, Dugatkin explains, relates to the mother recognizing the baby. "It may be the start of a chemical recognition system between mothers and offspring. Licking is one way to get that sorted out. There are all sorts of bonding behaviors that go on between mother and offspring," and licking may be one of those "early chemo-tactile links" that the mother has to her baby.
So why don’t human mothers do it?
A major reason may be that humans no longer need to. "There hasn’t been [evolutionary] selection for licking your offspring. We can clean without licking." Dugatkin says. Humans, after all, do have functional hands.
"My guess is that we have so many other ways to get the benefits andinformation associatedwithlicking," he says. "Visual and tactile sensesin humans are very strong," and so selection might be weaker for a licking behavior. "We rely so heavily on … more sophisticated cognitive behavior. My guess is that licking is not as useful," he says.
Skin Stimulation
But one surprising idea was put forward by famed anthropologist Ashley Montagu, who died in 1999. Montagu, author of more than 60 books, wrote an entire book about skin and touching. He theorized that human beings don’t lick their young because humans have relatively long labors compared with most mammals.
In Touching: The Human Significance of the Skin, he wrote that skin and body stimulation of the infant is important because it sets in motion the proper development of organ systems: Licking provides that stimulation, but so do uterine contractions in long labors. Because of the stimulation provided by a long labor, licking after birth is less necessary, Montagu concluded.
Not so fast, said a couple of anthropologists, Donald G. Lindburg and Lester Dessez Hazell. They wrote in American Anthropologist in 1972 that Montagu’s conclusion was simply not justified. The organ systems of newborns, such as the respiratory, digestive and genito-urinary systems, don’t need stimulation after birth to function properly, they wrote.
At this point, we might also note that anthropologists have observed some humans licking their newborns. Lindburg and Hazell mentioned that Tibetan women in the late 1800s did it, according to anthropologist William Rockhill in 1895. "They do not wash and bathe a newly born child, but the mother licks it as soon as it is born," Rockhill wrote.
Please Don’t Eat the Baby
So, although humans don’t typically lick their offspring as other mammals do, that doesn’t mean we keep our muzzles away from newborns. We kiss, we nuzzle, we lip-smack and pretend to gobble up the new little morsel. It’s just what we do with babies.
An international team of scientists investigated this impulse to "eat the baby." It has biological underpinnings, they concluded. Johannes Frasnelli, a researcher in the Department of Psychology at the University of Montreal explained that the smell of newborns activates the same neurological system in mothers that is activated when a person is very hungry. It’s the neurological system that makes humans desire certain foods.
Sure, we find new babies delicious! We just don’t need to lick them clean anymore.
Now That’s Interesting
The key to a calm, happy child is licking — if you’re a rat parent, that is. When mother rats licked their little rats frequently, the offspring were more likely to be exploratory and resilient, according to columnist Alex Korb in Psychology Today.
